L’esperienza è l’insieme di tutto ciò che succede in ogni momento, dentro e fuori l’organismo di un individuo ed è potenzialmente disponibile alla sua coscienza per essere appreso.
La coscienza è la rappresentazione-simbolizzazione di una parte dell’esperienza vissuta, con diversi gradi d’intensità. Si avranno così esperienze interamente simbolizzate e che diventeranno pienamente consce. Altre esperienze saranno potenzialmente simbolizzabili per via del loro significato sentito minaccioso per l’integrazione del Sé e subiranno una temporanea rimozione, restando così semiconsce o inconsce. Altre ancora non saranno simbolizzabili a causa della loro scarsa rilevanza o intensità e non riusciranno a raggiungere la soglia della coscienza.
La percezione è il significato che la persona dà a tutto ciò che avviene dentro e/o fuori di sé, ed essendo essa soggettiva, crea un vissuto del tutto personale della realtà.
La personalità dell’individuo si strutturerà mediante una continua interazione fra simbolizzazione/consapevolezza, percezione/coscienza. La persona ben funzionante avrà un’integrazione adeguata fra entrambe queste istanze, sebbene non potrà mai essere completa. Questo perché la Persona è sottoposta continuamente al susseguirsi di stimoli ed anche alla necessità che siano soddisfatti i bisogni in modo che possa riconoscere e sviluppare pienamente le sue capacità nel Sé reale.
La coscienza di Sé si forma mediante un progressivo intervallarsi tra il sistema di riferimento esterno (external frame of reference) e le sensazioni viscerali del sistema di riferimento interno (internal frame of reference): entrambi componenti essenziali nella comprensione dell’esperienza.
Quindi, nell’orientamento rogersiano il concetto del Sé (Self) è il campo fenomenico/percettivo dell’individuo ed è il criterio in cui il mondo gli appare con i significati legati alle emozioni che si provano durante le esperienze. Le figure genitoriali e di riferimento, l’appartenenza di classe, il genere, il contesto sociale, determinano rigidamente l’identità di ciascuno di noi. Inoltre, tra il Sè percepito e il Sé ideale si contrappongono costrutti, ideali, valori, giudizi, spesso fuorvianti relativi ai propri comportamenti e quindi alla personalità. Questi possono limitare forzatamente il Sé reale nella sua positiva attualizzazione e provocare una distorsione alla rappresentazione dell’esperienza. In tal modo, la Persona proverà un senso di incongruenza, un distacco interiore, disagio o insoddisfazione con conseguenti processi psichici di difesa.
In questo quadro epistemologico “l’ascolto”, durante la terapia individuale, si pone come attenzione costante e rigorosa al mondo fenomenico della Persona. La reciproca adozione del campo percettivo che gli interlocutori fanno l’uno dell’altro, è la base per una genuina comprensione, fino a raggiungere la resilienza che è la capacità di fronteggiare positivamente eventi estremamente traumatici, attraverso una riorganizzazione e ricostruzione della propria vita. Talvolta raggiungendo mète al di là di qualsiasi previsione “nonostante tutto quello che è accaduto”, mantenendo integre la propria sensibilità ed umanità.
L’epistemologia rogersiana confidando nella tendenza attualizzante (actualizing tendency) quale potenziale implicito di ogni organismo vivente, ha fiducia soprattutto nel naturale processo per uno sviluppo idoneo alla crescita della Persona. Questo processo nell’uomo insieme a tutto il corollario delle percezioni, sentimenti, concetto di sé, autostima e criterio personale di valutazione, saranno fondamentali per il modo di essere o di non essere nella continua relazione con se stesso e con gli altri durante la sua esistenza. Quest’impegno ad entrare nel Sé reale, il Sé percepito e il Sé ideale, permette di capire le dinamiche della personalità e facilitare lo sviluppo umano, insieme a quel calore, gradimento, fiducia e considerazione che fin dalla prima infanzia è ciò che il bambino desidera da parte dei genitori. Le figure significative assicurano così una minor vulnerabilità all’incongruenza del Sé quando riducono al minimo la tendenza alla distorsione e alla negazione delle esperienze vissute.
Così avviene anche in ambito psicoterapeutico rogersiano per quelle capacità di empatia e considerazione positiva incondizionata quale bisogno primario di essere amati, accolti, riconosciuti in un’immagine del Sé ideale. L’incontro, il dialogo e la coesistenza empatica possono dare la fiducia necessaria per esplorare quel mondo interiore per il raggiungimento di una migliore comprensione, dal momento che in ognuno c’è un immenso desiderio di essere compreso, considerato ed amato semplicemente per come si E’.
(by Admin)
Riferimenti bibliografici
Rogers, C.R. (1942) Counseling and psychotherapy, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA, trad. it. Psicoterapia di consultazione, ed. Astrolabio, Roma, 1971.
Rogers, C.R. (1951) Client Centred Therapy, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA, trad. it. Terapia centrata sul cliente, ed. La Meridiana, Bari, 2007.
Rogers, C.R. (1961) On becoming a person: A Therapist’s View of psychotherapy Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA, trad. it. La terapia centrata sul cliente, ed. Martinelli, Firenze, 1970.
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