Prima che ricerche scientifiche lo dimostrassero con strumenti diagnostici di ultima generazione, fin dagli albori dell’umanità, noi ben sapevamo quanto la musica possa farci provare emozioni.
Il neuroscienziato prof. Danile J. Levitin ha condotto una ricerca riguardo le reazioni biochimiche nel cervello prodotte dagli stimoli musicali. Questi attivano una risposta biochimica grazie alla quale le aree cerebrali interessate modulano i livelli di Dopamina, ribattezzato anche”ormone del benessere”.
Alcuni esempi sugli effetti della musica si ha quando viene diffusa in aziende e negli allevamenti perchè ha dimostrato di migliorarne la produzione. Nei centri commerciali, dove in passato ci accompagnava in sottofondo, da alcuni anni vi è sempre più la tendenza a inondare i reparti con brani ritmati e ad alto volume. Solo a pochi risulta sgradita, mentre su molti pare che questa modalità abbia un’influenza distraente sul quel ragionamento e giudizio utili alla valutazione fra un acquisto necessario da uno superfluo e voluttuario. Ci rende, cioè, più predisposti a comprare e quindi più facili e migliori clienti per il venditore.
Ma al di là degli aspetti produttivi e commerciali, la musica se ben dosata e con ricchezza di armonia ci rende più euforici, socializzanti, ben disposti, migliorando il nostro umore.
Le sensazioni legate alla musica possono dipendere anche dai ricordi legati ad una melodia ma anche alle parole del testo di canzoni a noi particolarmente care che possono farci gioire ma anche commuovere fino alle lacrime.
Le frequenze che compongono le note, risuonando in armoniche sostenute dal ritmo, entrano in risonanza in determinate aree cerebrali con l’attivazione di un’energia che ci fa venir voglia di muoverci, ballare, cantare, saltare! Quest’energia ci deriva principalmente dalla Dopamina.
La Dopamina è un neurotrasmettitore fondamentale per la cognizione, l’attenzione, l’apprendimento, il comportamento, la motivazione, la gratificazione sessuale. Agisce sul sistema nervoso simpatico riguardo la pressione sanguigna e il battito cardiaco, inibisce la produzione di prolattina per l’allattamento.
Nella motivazione la Dopamina è legata al senso di soddisfazione e della previsione di uno stato di piacere derivanti dalla ricompensa che si ottiene. Il cibo, il sesso, le sostanze psicoattive come talune bevande, alimenti, la nicotina e la droga diventano, così, stimoli motivanti per l’ individuo e lo inducono a ripeterne l’esperienza.
La Dopamina agisce pure sull’umore, sulla memoria di lavoro, sul sonno, sul movimento volontario dove la sua mancanza causa cattiva funzionalità motoria nel Morbo di Parkinson, predisposizione alla fobia sociale; ritiro emotivo, apatia e anedonia (incapacità a provar piacere) che sono i tipici tratti negativi della schizofrenia.
Al contrario, disfunzioni nel Sistema dopaminergico (corteccia prefrontale, via mesolimbica, substanzia nigra, nucleo acumbens) sono associati ai tratti positivi della Schizofrenia (deliri, allucinazioni, eloquio e/o comportamento disorganizzati, catalessia), all’autismo, al disturbo da deficit di attenzione e iperattività. I farmaci che riducono l’attività in tali aree, come i neurolettici, provocano incapacità di provare piacere con conseguente riduzione nella motivazione e rischio di disturbi irreversibili del movimento come la Discinesia tardiva.
“è la dose che fa il veleno” diceva Paracelso..
Cocaina ed anfetamine possono causare psicosi temporanee e dipendenza, poiché aumentano i livelli della Dopamina nella via mesolimbica nel cervello, area relativa alla ricompensa. I farmaci usati nel Morbo di Parkinson (segnalato nei foglietti illustrativi solo dal 2007) possono avere effetti collaterali di una certa gravità, quali ipersessualità, bulimia, gioco d’azzardo e shopping compulsivi.
È appurato che la Dopamina, precursore di noradrenalina e adrenalina, incide sui livelli di aggressività. Entro certi limiti e se si è sviluppata una certa intelligenza emotiva (capacità di riconoscere, comprendere e gestire le emozioni proprie ed altrui) si avranno atteggiamenti e comportamenti “appassionati” ma positivi, connotati da entusiasmo, curiosità, innamoramento, interesse per qualcuno o qualcosa. Se esasperati dal carattere ed eventi stressanti, si avrà sempre più la tendenza alla maniacalità e all’ossessività.
Rispetto agli eventi dei quali siamo protagonisti, la Dopamina gioca un ruolo importante anche per quelle attivazioni fisiologiche relative alla reazione “combatti o fuggi” che possono portare a sempre più alti livelli di aggressività e rabbia fino a sfociare in comportamenti violenti ed incontrollabili.
Tono su tono
Alla luce di quanto esposto finora, non dovremmo mai farci mancare almeno “una dose” quotidiana della nostra musica preferita. Meglio se accompagna l’esercizio fisico per concorrere ad una sorta di sistema circolare che, usando un gioco di parole, attraverso i toni musicali, migliori il tono dell’umore, il tono muscolare, il tono cardiovascolare e respiratorio per un rinnovato senso di benessere.
e per concludere, un omaggio alla musica…
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